مجله راهبرد سیاسی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 25، تابستان 1402)

Power is one of the concepts that have been defined from different aspects. The division of power into different types of hard, soft, intelligent, etc. indicates the wide range of views about this concept. The study of power, sources and methods of its application in line with Western ideas has also been done in Islamic studies. The main question of the article is, what are the characteristics of the mentioned power in the hadiths of the Shia imams? The hypothesis of the article is that a set of signs can be deduced in the hadiths of Shia imams, which lead us to the concept of transcendental power. The semiotics method was used to answer the above question and the aim of the article is to identify the signs of power in Shia hadiths. The findings of the research showed that the source of power, the holders of power, the purpose of power and the ways of exercising power are different from the conventional types of power in political theories, which are known as hard, soft and network.

The national interest is a set of dynamic conditions and possibilities that enable the realization of security, political, economic, social and cultural needs. These conditions and possibilities are inspired by the geopolitical situation, economic, political, social structure and cultural and historical characteristics of a society and finally its place in the international politics scene. At the height of the Cold War, Turkey defined its political identity as part of the Western bloc as opposed to the Soviet Union, but with the collapse of the bipolar system, the security equations of the world, both regionally and globally, changed. There was a fundamental change. Therefore, the cooperation and competition between the main actors in the West Asian region, including Iran and Turkey, underwent some changes in form and content. This study seeks to answer the question of how the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran are influenced by Turkey's foreign policy? The research is descriptive-analytical and is prepared by a case-by-case method and a mixed approach. The sample size of this study was 30 based on the opinion of 5 elites and experts in this field, which was purposefully selected. By examining the background, studying the documents and conducting purposeful interviews, and after examining regional and global developments, the approach of Turkish foreign policy was calculated in the form of a matrix of statistics and national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The results show that the regional interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the axis of resistance had the most impact and the independence and currency integrity had the least impact.

The purpose of the research is to examine the opinions and thoughts of two great sociological thinkers from two Islamic and Western theoretical traditions, namely Ibn Khaldun and Norbert Elias, regarding the birth, consolidation and decline of the sovereignty of civilizations; provide theoretical themes and valuable practical findings to those interested in this theoretical and conceptual field. Therefore, the main question of the current research is, what is the position of "sovereignty" in terms of concept and function in the thought of Ibn Khaldun and Norbert Elias? In order to answer the above question, an attempt is made to identify the differences and similarities of this concept in the theoretical system of these two thinkers and present its practical achievements by relying on the comparative method. The findings of the research show that both thinkers have a "developmental" approach to social phenomena and developments, including the issue of "sovereignty" and its transformation, from the perspective of historical sociology, and both of them have a general rule about sovereignty. and that is that when the sovereign territory expands to a great extent,, leads to the activation of centrifugal forces, and then the period of decline and collapse of that sovereignty begins.

In the phenomenon of war and insecurity, security issues, especially borders, are particularly important. This issue applies to Iran after the Second World War, when it faced the occupation of the allied forces and the attention of the United States to its security issues. The importance of paying attention to the borders in the years 1325 to 1326 AH was such that in the form of a directive from the Ministry of Interior Pahlavi Border issues were put on the agenda. In this research using the theoretical framework of defensive realism and archival documents of these years, we will explain Iran's military position after the Second World War between 1325 and 1326. The choice of this time period was due to the special attention of the Iranian government to border security issues under the influence of Tudeh party's activities in the country's border areas and the US's barrier policy. The results of the investigations show that the Iranian government, with regard to the defensive approach, focused on strengthening the border guards, sought to protect the country's borders, increase its relative power, prevent the bad actions of Iran's neighboring governments, and preserve its survival

first","militarism"and"economic nationalism",and his main attitude towards foreign policy is based on interests and trade.In this approach, recognition the strategy and components of the Trump administration's foreign policy in the Middle East is of particular importance.This article seeks to explain the Trump administration's foreign policy process in the Middle East and its influencing variables by applying theories of neorealism and economic nationalism and using the descriptive method.In the following,it analyzes the relevance of Trump's Middle East policy to reducing the tension between Israel and Saudi Arabia using an analytical method.The findings of research show that are having a common enemy in the name of Iran, the axis of Islamic resistance,Islamic awakening and Iran nuclear deal with theP5+1.They also seek to portray a negative image of Iran and present it as a common threat to the Sunni Arab states of the region and the Zionist regime and to shift the focus of the crisis from the Arab- Israeli conflict to the Shiite- Sunni conflict.

The present study aims to analyze the roots and causes of political violence in the Middle East by relying on Huntington's theoretical perspective (Modernization Theory) and Robert Gurr's theoretical approach (Relative Deprivation). The main research question is what factors fuel the occurrence of political violence in the Middle East? The research method is of the historical-documentary type, where the researcher looks for the answer to the main goal by referring to articles, books, research and printed scientific works in the databases and also by referring to the historical past of the phenomenon (Political Violence). According to this; the results of the research show that political violence in the Middle East is the result of economic, social, political, psychological and cultural modernization. In transitioning from traditional and old patterns to new patterns; the countries accept changes in the society, however, previous authorities have collapsed, and new political, social and security challenges have arisen, including new political violence.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as independent organizations from the government,Non-profit organizations and spontaneous and public members today play an important role in various legal fields such as political, economic, environmental, cultural, etc., so that these institutions are the main components of civil societyformed and are considered tools to strengthen the weak position of the people against powerful government institutions. In spite of this importance, non-governmental organizations in some societies are either basically not formed or in th ecase offormation, they are not very efficient in performing their duties and effectiveness, and in some cases losses and damagesMost of them follow, to the extent that in some cases they go out of the circle of the mentioned definition. This article is to examine one if the most important injuries of NGOs that is violence, base on the method of Descriptive-analytical. in such a way that firstly, the introduction and causes of the formation of two of the most important organizationsViolent means ideology-based organizations such as Al-Qaeda and Marxist guerilla organizations such asPeople's Mojahedin of Iran and then solutions to prevent violence in these organizationsIt also prevents these organizations from harming the society.

The present article sought to examine the role of attorneys in international transfer in the regional system. Delegation is a commonly used contract in today’s world. Among other things, working as an attorney at law is a special type of delegation where an attorney works alongside the justice system to administer justice. This analytical-descriptive article explored the issue using a library method. Findings showed that universalization, establishment of international courts, increasing international crimes, developing international competence of nations, and the necessity for promoting international police and judicial cooperation are among grounds emphasizing the importance of international delegation in legal affairs. However, a lack of institutional organization, countries’ security-based restrictive policies, as well as substantive and procedural differences in international legal systems have been major obstacles to materialize it. As a result, it is necessary to fulfill this need using the existing capacity of enthusiastic lawyers and international unions for attorneys alongside international sanctions related to advocating for legal affairs.

Using the descriptive-analytical method, the present article investigated the consequences of the American military campaign on the Iraqi people based on aggressive realism, and raised the question of what economic, political and social consequences this invasion had on the Iraqi people?In response to the question, this hypothesis was raised that it seems that the US has inflicted a lot of economic and social damage on the Iraqi people by attacking Iraq in pursuit of its own interests and by emphasizing the concentration of power and ensuring energy security The findings of the research show that first of all, the fall of the Baath regime not only caused Iraq to enter a new stage of instability and especially the power vacuum situation in the center,yes,different countries tried to expand their influence in this country in pursuit of their regional goals and national security. and prevent the increase of the influence of their competitors in Iraq. Ethnic gaps have widened in levels. Thirdly, the war and internal conflicts in Iraq not only intensified the widespread deprivation of Iraqi women at all levels of public and social life, but also increased poverty, migration of elites, closure of schools and destruction of historical buildings